Adderall XR
Name: Adderall XR
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Uses
Precautions
Uses For Adderall XR
Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine combination is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (uncontrollable desire for sleep or sudden attacks of deep sleep). These two medicines belong to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) stimulants.
Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine combination works in the treatment of ADHD to increase attention and decrease restlessness in patients who are overactive, cannot concentrate, or are easily distracted. It is used as part of a total treatment program that also includes social, educational, and psychological therapy.
This medicine is available only with a doctor's prescription. Prescriptions cannot be refilled. A new prescription must be obtained from your doctor each time you need this medicine.
Before Using Adderall XR
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:
Allergies
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Pediatric
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated pediatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine combination to treat ADHD in children. However, safety and efficacy have not been established in children younger than 3 years of age for Adderall® tablets, in children younger than 6 years of age for Adderall XR® extended-release capsules, and in children younger than 13 years of age for Mydayis™ extended-release capsules.
Geriatric
Appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of Adderall® tablets and Adderall XR® extended-release capsules have not been performed in the geriatric population.
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of Mydayis™ extended-release capsules in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related liver, kidney, or heart problems, which may require caution and an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving this medicine.
Pregnancy
| Pregnancy Category | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| All Trimesters | C | Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women. |
Breast Feeding
Studies in women breastfeeding have demonstrated harmful infant effects. An alternative to this medication should be prescribed or you should stop breastfeeding while using this medicine.
Interactions with Medicines
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is not recommended. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.
- Furazolidone
- Iproniazid
- Isocarboxazid
- Linezolid
- Methylene Blue
- Moclobemide
- Nialamide
- Phenelzine
- Procarbazine
- Rasagiline
- Safinamide
- Selegiline
- Sibutramine
- Tranylcypromine
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Abiraterone
- Acetazolamide
- Alfentanil
- Almotriptan
- Amineptine
- Amitriptyline
- Amitriptylinoxide
- Amoxapine
- Benzthiazide
- Brompheniramine
- Buprenorphine
- Bupropion
- Buspirone
- Butorphanol
- Carbamazepine
- Chlorothiazide
- Chlorpheniramine
- Cinacalcet
- Citalopram
- Clomipramine
- Cocaine
- Codeine
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Desipramine
- Desvenlafaxine
- Dextromethorphan
- Diazoxide
- Dibenzepin
- Difenoxin
- Dihydrocodeine
- Diphenoxylate
- Dolasetron
- Donepezil
- Doxepin
- Duloxetine
- Eletriptan
- Escitalopram
- Ethylmorphine
- Fentanyl
- Fluoxetine
- Fluvoxamine
- Frovatriptan
- Granisetron
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Hydrocodone
- Hydroflumethiazide
- Hydromorphone
- Hydroxytryptophan
- Imipramine
- Ketobemidone
- Levomilnacipran
- Levorphanol
- Lithium
- Lofepramine
- Lorcaserin
- Melitracen
- Meperidine
- Methadone
- Milnacipran
- Mirabegron
- Mirtazapine
- Morphine
- Morphine Sulfate Liposome
- Nalbuphine
- Naratriptan
- Nefazodone
- Nicomorphine
- Nortriptyline
- Ondansetron
- Opipramol
- Opium
- Opium Alkaloids
- Oxycodone
- Oxymorphone
- Palonosetron
- Papaveretum
- Paregoric
- Paroxetine
- Pentazocine
- Piritramide
- Polythiazide
- Protriptyline
- Quinidine
- Quinine
- Remifentanil
- Rizatriptan
- Rolapitant
- Sertraline
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- St John's Wort
- Sufentanil
- Sumatriptan
- Tapentadol
- Terbinafine
- Tianeptine
- Tilidine
- Tramadol
- Trazodone
- Trichlormethiazide
- Trimipramine
- Tryptophan
- Venlafaxine
- Vilazodone
- Vortioxetine
- Xipamide
- Ziprasidone
- Zolmitriptan
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
- Guanethidine
Interactions with Food/Tobacco/Alcohol
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Other Medical Problems
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
- Agitation, severe or
- Anxiety, severe or
- Arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), severe or
- Coronary artery disease or
- Drug abuse, history of or
- Glaucoma or
- Heart attack, recent or
- Heart or blood vessel disease (eg, cardiomyopathy), severe or
- Heart rhythm problems (eg, ventricular arrhythmia) or
- Hypertension (high blood pressure), moderate to severe or
- Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or
- Stroke, history of or
- Tension, severe—Should not be used in patients with these conditions.
- Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness), or a family history of or
- Depression, or a family history of or
- Heart rhythm problems (eg, arrhythmia), or a family history of or
- Hypertension (high blood pressure), mild or
- Mania, history of or
- Psychosis (mental illness), history of or
- Raynaud disease or
- Seizures, history of or
- Tachycardia (fast heart rate) or
- Tourette syndrome (tics), or a family history of—Use with caution. May make these conditions worse.
DOSAGE and ADMINISTRATION
Dosing Considerations for all Patients
Individualize the dosage according to the therapeutic needs and response of the patient. Administer Adderall XR at the lowest effective dosage.
Based on bioequivalence data, patients taking divided doses of immediate-release ADDERALL, (for example, twice daily), may be switched to Adderall XR at the same total daily dose taken once daily. Titrate at weekly intervals to appropriate efficacy and tolerability as indicated.
Adderall XR capsules may be taken whole, or the capsule may be opened and the entire contents sprinkled on applesauce. If the patient is using the sprinkle administration method, the sprinkled applesauce should be consumed immediately; it should not be stored. Patients should take the applesauce with sprinkled beads in its entirety without chewing. The dose of a single capsule should not be divided. The contents of the entire capsule should be taken, and patients should not take anything less than one capsule per day.
Adderall XR may be taken with or without food.
Adderall XR should be given upon awakening. Afternoon doses should be avoided because of the potential for insomnia.
Where possible, Adderall XR therapy should be interrupted occasionally to determine if there is a recurrence of behavioral symptoms sufficient to require continued therapy.
Children
In children with ADHD who are 6-12 years of age and are either starting treatment for the first time or switching from another medication, start with 10 mg once daily in the morning; daily dosage may be adjusted in increments of 5 mg or 10 mg at weekly intervals. When in the judgment of the clinician a lower initial dose is appropriate, patients may begin treatment with 5 mg once daily in the morning. The maximum recommended dose for children is 30 mg/day; doses greater than 30 mg/day of Adderall XR have not been studied in children. Adderall XR has not been studied in children under 6 years of age.
Adolescents
The recommended starting dose for adolescents with ADHD who are 13-17 years of age and are either starting treatment for the first time or switching from another medication is 10 mg/day. The dose may be increased to 20 mg/day after one week if ADHD symptoms are not adequately controlled.
Adults
In adults with ADHD who are either starting treatment for the first time or switching from another medication, the recommended dose is 20 mg/day.
Warningsand precautions
Serious Cardiovascular Events
Sudden Death and Pre-existing Structural Cardiac Abnormalities or Other Serious Heart Problems
Children and Adolescents
Sudden death has been reported in association with CNS stimulant treatment at usual doses in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems. Although some serious heart problems alone carry an increased risk of sudden death, stimulant products generally should not be used in children or adolescents with known serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, or other serious cardiac problems that may place them at increased vulnerability to the sympathomimetic effects of a stimulant drug [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].
Adults
Sudden deaths, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults taking stimulant drugs at usual doses for ADHD. Although the role of stimulants in these adult cases is also unknown, adults have a greater likelihood than children of having serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, coronary artery disease, or other serious cardiac problems. Adults with such abnormalities should also generally not be treated with stimulant drugs [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].
Hypertension and Other Cardiovascular Conditions
Stimulant medications cause a modest increase in average blood pressure (about 2-4 mmHg) and average heart rate (about 3-6 bpm), and individuals may have larger increases. While the mean changes alone would not be expected to have short-term consequences, all patients should be monitored for larger changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Caution is indicated in treating patients whose underlying medical conditions might be compromised by increases in blood pressure or heart rate, e.g., those with pre-existing hypertension, heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, or ventricular arrhythmia [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4) and ADVERSE REACTIONS (6)].
Assessing Cardiovascular Status in Patients being Treated with Stimulant Medications
Children, adolescents, or adults who are being considered for treatment with stimulant medications should have a careful history (including assessment for a family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia) and physical exam to assess for the presence of cardiac disease, and should receive further cardiac evaluation if findings suggest such disease (e.g. electrocardiogram and echocardiogram). Patients who develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease during stimulant treatment should undergo a prompt cardiac evaluation.
Psychiatric Adverse Events
Pre-Existing Psychosis
Administration of stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with pre-existing psychotic disorder.
Bipolar Illness
Particular care should be taken in using stimulants to treat ADHD patients with comorbid bipolar disorder because of concern for possible induction of mixed/manic episode in such patients. Prior to initiating treatment with a stimulant, patients with comorbid depressive symptoms should be adequately screened to determine if they are at risk for bipolar disorder; such screening should include a detailed psychiatric history, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression.
Emergence of New Psychotic or Manic Symptoms
Treatment-emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by stimulants at usual doses. If such symptoms occur, consideration should be given to a possible causal role of the stimulant, and discontinuation of treatment may be appropriate. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlled studies, such symptoms occurred in about 0.1% (4 patients with events out of 3482 exposed to methylphenidate or amphetamine for several weeks at usual doses) of stimulant-treated patients compared to 0 in placebo-treated patients.
Aggression
Aggressive behavior or hostility is often observed in children and adolescents with ADHD, and has been reported in clinical trials and the postmarketing experience of some medications indicated for the treatment of ADHD. Although there is no systematic evidence that stimulants cause aggressive behavior or hostility, patients beginning treatment for ADHD should be monitored for the appearance of or worsening of aggressive behavior or hostility.
Long-Term Suppression of Growth
Monitor growth in children during treatment with stimulants. Patients who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted.
Careful follow-up of weight and height in children ages 7 to 10 years who were randomized to either methylphenidate or non-medication treatment groups over 14 months, as well as in naturalistic subgroups of newly methylphenidate-treated and non-medication treated children over 36 months (to the ages of 10 to 13 years), suggests that consistently medicated children (i.e., treatment for 7 days per week throughout the year) have a temporary slowing in growth rate (on average, a total of about 2 cm less growth in height and 2.7 kg less growth in weight over 3 years), without evidence of growth rebound during this period of development.
In a controlled trial of Adderall XR in adolescents, mean weight change from baseline within the initial 4 weeks of therapy was -1.1 lbs. and -2.8 lbs., respectively, for patients receiving 10 mg and 20 mg Adderall XR. Higher doses were associated with greater weight loss within the initial 4 weeks of treatment. Chronic use of amphetamines can be expected to cause a similar suppression of growth.
Seizures
There is some clinical evidence that stimulants may lower the convulsive threshold in patients with prior history of seizures, in patients with prior EEG abnormalities in the absence of seizures, and very rarely, in patients without a history of seizures and no prior EEG evidence of seizures. In the presence of seizures, Adderall XR should be discontinued.
Peripheral Vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon
Stimulants, including Adderall XR, used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, very rare sequelae include digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon, were observed in post-marketing reports at different times and at therapeutic doses in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improve after reduction in dose or discontinuation of drug. Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during treatment with ADHD stimulants. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients.
Serotonin Syndrome
Serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening reaction, may occur when amphetamines are used in combination with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems such as MAOIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, and St. John's Wort [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7.1)]. Amphetamines and amphetamine derivatives are known to be metabolized, to some degree, by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and display minor inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)]. The potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction exists with the co-administration of CYP2D6 inhibitors which may increase the risk with increased exposure to Adderall XR. In these situations, consider an alternative non-serotonergic drug or an alternative drug that does not inhibit CYP2D6 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7.1)]. Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
Concomitant use of Adderall XR with MAOI drugs is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4)].
Discontinue treatment with Adderall XR and any concomitant serotonergic agents immediately if symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, and initiate supportive symptomatic treatment. Concomitant use of Adderall XR with other serotonergic drugs or CYP2D6 inhibitors should be used only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk. If clinically warranted, consider initiating Adderall XR with lower doses, monitoring patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome during drug initiation or titration, and informing patients of the increased risk for serotonin syndrome.
Visual Disturbance
Difficulties with accommodation and blurring of vision have been reported with stimulant treatment.
Tics
Amphetamines have been reported to exacerbate motor and phonic tics and Tourette's syndrome. Therefore, clinical evaluation for tics and Tourette's syndrome in patients and their families should precede use of stimulant medications.
Prescribing and Dispensing
The least amount of amphetamine feasible should be prescribed or dispensed at one time in order to minimize the possibility of overdosage. Adderall XR should be used with caution in patients who use other sympathomimetic drugs.
Drug Interactions
Clinically Important Interactions with Amphetamines
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) | |
| Clinical Impact | Concomitant use of MAOIs and CNS stimulants can cause hypertensive crisis. Potential outcomes include death, stroke, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, ophthalmological complications, eclampsia, pulmonary edema, and renal failure. |
| Intervention | Do not administer Adderall XR concomitantly or within 14 days after discontinuing MAOI [see CONTRAINDICATIONS (4) and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.6)]. |
| Examples | selegiline, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, linezolid, methylene blue |
| Serotonergic Drugs | |
| Clinical Impact | The concomitant use of Adderall XR and serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. |
| Intervention | Initiate with lower doses and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during Adderall XR initiation or dosage increase. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue Adderall XR and the concomitant serotonergic drug(s) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.6)]. |
| Examples | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, St. John's Wort |
| CYP2D6 Inhibitors | |
| Clinical Impact | The concomitant use of Adderall XR and CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the exposure of Adderall XR compared to the use of the drug alone and increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. |
| Intervention | Initiate with lower doses and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome particularly during Adderall XR initiation and after a dosage increase. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue Adderall XR and the CYP2D6 inhibitor [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.6) and OVERDOSAGE (10)]. |
| Examples | paroxetine and fluoxetine (also serotonergic drugs), quinidine, ritonavir |
| Alkalinizing Agents | |
| Clinical Impact | Increase blood levels and potentiate the action of amphetamine. |
| Intervention | Co-administration of Adderall XR and gastrointestinal or urinary alkalinizing agents should be avoided. |
| Examples | Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate). Urinary alkalinizing agents (e.g. acetazolamide, some thiazides). |
| Acidifying Agents | |
| Clinical Impact | Lower blood levels and efficacy of amphetamines. |
| Intervention | Increase dose based on clinical response. |
| Examples | Gastrointestinal acidifying agents (e.g., guanethidine, reserpine, glutamic acid HCl, ascorbic acid). Urinary acidifying agents (e.g., ammonium chloride, sodium acid phosphate, methenamine salts). |
| Tricyclic Antidepressants | |
| Clinical Impact | May enhance the activity of tricyclic or sympathomimetic agents causing striking and sustained increases in the concentration of d-amphetamine in the brain; cardiovascular effects can be potentiated. |
| Intervention | Monitor frequently and adjust or use alternative therapy based on clinical response. |
| Examples | desipramine, protriptyline |
| Proton Pump Inhibitors | |
| Clinical Impact | Time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of amphetamine is decreased compared to when administered alone. |
| Intervention | Monitor patients for changes in clinical effect and adjust therapy based on clinical response. |
| Examples | omeprazole |
Overdosage
Manifestations of amphetamine overdose include restlessness, tremor, hyperreflexia, rapid respiration, confusion, assaultiveness, hallucinations, panic states, hyperpyrexia and rhabdomyolysis. Fatigue and depression usually follow the central nervous system stimulation. Serotonin syndrome has been reported with amphetamine use, including Adderall XR. Cardiovascular effects include arrhythmias, hypertension or hypotension and circulatory collapse. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Fatal poisoning is usually preceded by convulsions and coma.
Treatment
Consult with a Certified Poison Control Center for up to date guidance and advice.
The prolonged release of mixed amphetamine salts from Adderall XR should be considered when treating patients with overdose.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in studies in which d,l-amphetamine (enantiomer ratio of 1:1) was administered to mice and rats in the diet for 2 years at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day in male mice, 19 mg/kg/day in female mice, and 5 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. These doses are approximately 2.4, 1.5, and 0.8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose for children of 30 mg/day, on a mg/m2 body surface area basis.
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in Adderall XR (d- to l- ratio of 3:1), was not clastogenic in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test in vivo and was negative when tested in the E. coli component of the Ames test in vitro. d,l-Amphetamine (1:1 enantiomer ratio) has been reported to produce a positive response in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, an equivocal response in the Ames test, and negative responses in the in vitro sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration assays.
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in Adderall XR (d- to l- ratio of 3:1), did not adversely affect fertility or early embryonic development in the rat at doses of up to 20 mg/kg/day (approximately 8 times the maximum recommended human dose for adolescents of 20 mg/day, on a mg/m2 body surface area basis).
Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
Acute administration of high doses of amphetamine (d- or d,l-) has been shown to produce long-lasting neurotoxic effects, including irreversible nerve fiber damage, in rodents. The significance of these findings to humans is unknown.
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 20 mg Capsule Bottle Label
NDC 54092-387-01
Adderall XR®
(Mixed Salts of A Single-Entity
Amphetamine Product)
Extended-Release Capsules
20 mg
CII
100 Capsules
Rx only
Shire
015927
LOT
EXP
What is Adderall XR (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine)?
Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants that affect chemicals in the brain and nerves that contribute to hyperactivity and impulse control.
Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine is a combination medicine used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Warnings
Black Box Warnings
Amphetamines have a high potential for abuse
Administration for prolonged periods may lead to dependence and must be avoided
Assess the possibility of persons obtaining amphetamines for nontherapeutic use or distribution to others
Prescribed or dispensed sparingly
Misuse of amphetamines may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity
Hyperthryroidism
Glaucoma
Hypertension, advanced arteriosclerosis, symptomatic CVD
Symptomatic cardiovascular disease
Moderate-to-severe hypertension
Agitated states, history of drug abuse
MAO inhibitors given within 14 days (risk of severe hypertensive reaction)
Cautions
Preexisting cardiac structural abnormalities associated with risk of sudden death (if abused)
Time to maximum concentration decreased when coadministered with acid-suppressing drugs (eg, proton pump inhibitors)
Associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud phenomenon
Difficulties with accommodation and blurring of vision have been reported with stimulant treatment
May impair ability to engage in potentially hazardouse activities due to CNS effects
Potential exists for drug dependency
Use caution in hypertension, history of psychosis, seizure disorders, elderly, or Tourette's syndrome (may unmask tics)
Abrupt discontinuation may result in symptoms for withdrawal
Sudden deaths, stroke, and myocardial infarction reported in adults taking stimulants at usual doses
Patients who develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease during stimulant treatment should undergo a prompt cardiac evaluation
Particular care should be taken in using stimulants to treat ADHD patients with comorbid bipolar disorder because of concern for possible induction of mixed/manic episode in such patients
Aggressive behavior or hostility is often observed in children and adolescents with ADHD; monitor for the appearance of or worsening of aggressive behavior or hostility
Monitor growth of children ages 7 to 10 years during treatment with stimulants; may need to interrupt therapy in patients not growing or gaining weight as expected
Stimulants may lower convulsive threshold in patients with prior history of seizure, patients with prior EEG abnormalities in absence of seizures, and very rarely, patients without a history of seizures and no prior EEG evidence of seizures; discontinue therapy in the presence of seizures
Use with caution in patients who use other sympathomimetic drugs
Amphetamines may exacerbate motor and phonic tics and Tourette’s syndrome; perform clinical evaluation for tics and Tourette’s syndrome in children and their families prior to treating with stimulant medications
Rare instances of prolonged and sometimes painful erections (priapism), sometimes requiring surgical intervention, reported with methylphenidate products; typically not reported during initiation, but often subsequent to an increase in dose; seek immediate medical attention for abnormally sustained or frequent and painful erections
Drug interaction overview
- Serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening reaction, may occur when amphetamines are used in combination with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, and St. John’s Wort
- Amphetamines and amphetamine derivatives are known to be metabolized, to some degree, by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and display minor inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism; potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction exists with coadministration of CYP2D6 inhibitors which may increase risk with increased exposure to amphetamines and derivatives; in these situations, consider alternative non-serotonergic drug or alternative drug that does not inhibit CYP2D6
- If concomitant use with other serotonergic drugs or CYP2D6 inhibitors is clinically warranted, initiate therapy with lower doses, monitor patients for emergence of serotonin syndrome during drug initiation or titration, and inform patients of increased risk for serotonin syndrome