Pantoprazole Sodium

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

Mechanism Of Action

Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that suppresses the final step in gastric acid production by covalently binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This effect leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. The binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase results in a duration of antisecretory effect that persists longer than 24 hours for all doses tested (20 mg to 120 mg).

Pharmacodynamics

The magnitude and time course for inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid output (PSAO) by single doses (20 to 120 mg) of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection were assessed in a single-dose, open-label, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. The results of this study are shown in Table 2. Healthy subjects received a continuous infusion for 25 hours of pentagastrin (PG) at 1 mcg/kg/h, a dose known to produce submaximal gastric acid secretion. The placebo group showed a sustained, continuous acid output for 25 hours, validating the reliability of the testing model. PROTONIX I.V. for Injection had an onset of antisecretory activity within 15 to 30 minutes of administration. Doses of 20 to 80 mg of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection substantially reduced the 24-hour cumulative PSAO in a dose-dependent manner, despite a short plasma elimination half-life. Complete suppression of PSAO was achieved with 80 mg within approximately 2 hours and no further significant suppression was seen with 120 mg. The duration of action of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection was 24 hours.

Table 2: Gastric Acid Output (mEq/hr, Mean ± SD) and Percent Inhibitiona(Mean ± SD) of Pentagastrin-Stimulated Acid Output Over 24 Hours Following a Single Dose of PROTONIX I.V. for Injectionb in Healthy Subjects

In one study of gastric pH in healthy subjects, pantoprazole was administered orally (40 mg enteric coated tablets) or intravenously (40 mg) once daily for 5 days and pH was measured for 24 hours following the fifth dose. The outcome measure was median percent of time that pH was ≥ 4 and the results were similar for intravenous and oral medications; however, the clinical significance of this parameter is unknown.

Serum gastrin concentrations were assessed in two placebo-controlled studies.

In a 5-day study of oral pantoprazole with 40 and 60 mg doses in healthy subjects, following the last dose on day 5, median 24-hour serum gastrin concentrations were elevated by 3-4 fold compared to placebo in both 40 and 60 mg dose groups. However, by 24 hours following the last dose, median serum gastrin concentrations for both groups returned to normal levels.

In another placebo-controlled, 7-day study of 40 mg intravenous or oral pantoprazole in patients with GERD and a history of erosive esophagitis, the mean serum gastrin concentration increased approximately 50% from baseline and as compared with placebo, but remained within the normal range.

During 6 days of repeated administration of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection in patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, consistent changes of serum gastrin concentrations from baseline were not observed.

There are no data available on the effects of intravenous pantoprazole on ECL cells.

In a nonclinical study in Sprague-Dawley rats, lifetime exposure (24 months) to pantoprazole at doses of 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day resulted in dose-related increases in gastric ECL-cell proliferation and gastric neuroendocrine (NE)-cell tumors. Gastric NE-cell tumors in rats may result from chronic elevation of serum gastrin concentrations. The high density of ECL cells in the rat stomach makes this species highly susceptible to the proliferative effects of elevated gastrin concentrations produced by proton pump inhibitors. However, there were no observed elevations in serum gastrin following the administration of pantoprazole at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day. In a separate study, a gastric NE-cell tumor without concomitant ECL-cell proliferative changes was observed in 1 female rat following 12 months of dosing with pantoprazole at 5 mg/kg/day and a 9 month off-dose recovery [see Nonclinical Toxicology].

Pharmacokinetics

Pantoprazole peak serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) increase in a manner proportional to intravenous doses from 10 mg to 80 mg. Pantoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered with multiple daily dosing. Following the administration of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection, the serum concentration of pantoprazole declines biexponentially with a terminal elimination half-life of approximately one hour. In CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY] with normal liver function receiving a 40 mg dose of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection by constant rate over 15 minutes, the peak concentration (Cmax) is 5.52 ±1.42 mcg/mL and the total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) is5.4 ±1.5 mcg• hr/mL. The total clearance is 7.6-14.0 L/h.

The apparent volume of distribution of pantoprazole is approximately 11.0-23.6 L, distributing mainly in extracellular fluid. The serum protein binding of pantoprazole is about 98%, primarily to albumin.

Pantoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Pantoprazole metabolism is independent of the route of administration (intravenous or oral). The main metabolic pathway is demethylation, by CYP2C19, with subsequent sulfation; other metabolic pathways include oxidation by CYP3A4. There is no evidence that any of the pantoprazole metabolites have significant pharmacologic activity. CYP2C19 displays a known genetic polymorphism due to its deficiency in some sub-populations (e.g., 3% of Caucasians and African-Americans and 17-23% of Asians). Although these sub-populations of slow pantoprazole metabolizers have elimination half-life values from 3.5 to 10.0 hours, they still have minimal accumulation ( ≤ 23%) with once daily dosing.

After administration of a single intravenous dose of 14C-labeled pantoprazole to healthy, extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers, approximately 71% of the dose was excreted in the urine with 18% excreted in the feces through biliary excretion. There was no renal excretion of unchanged pantoprazole.

After repeated I.V. administration in elderly subjects (65 to 76 years of age), pantoprazole AUC and elimination half-life values were similar to those observed in younger subjects. No dosage adjustment is recommended for elderly patients.

After oral administration there is a modest increase in pantoprazole AUC and Cmax in women compared to men. However, weight-normalized clearance values are similar in women and men. No dosage adjustment is warranted based on gender.

In patients with severe renal impairment, pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole were similar to those of healthy subjects. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment or in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

In patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A to C cirrhosis), maximum pantoprazole concentrations increased only slightly (1.5-fold) relative to healthy subjects when pantoprazole was administered orally. Although serum half-life values increased to 7-9 hours and AUC values increased by 5- to 7-fold in hepatic-impaired patients, these increases were no greater than those observed in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, where no dosage adjustment is warranted. These pharmacokinetic changes in hepatic-impaired patients result in minimal drug accumulation following once-daily, multiple-dose administration. No dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment. Doses higher than 40 mg/day have not been studied in hepatically impaired patients.

Drug-Drug Interactions

Pantoprazole is metabolized mainly by CYP2C19 and to minor extents by CYPs 3A4, 2D6 and 2C9. In in vivo drug-drug interaction studies with CYP2C19 substrates (diazepam [also a CYP3A4 substrate] and phenytoin [also a CYP3A4 inducer]), nifedipine, midazolam, and clarithromycin (CYP3A4 substrates), metoprolol (a CYP2D6 substrate), diclofenac, naproxen and piroxicam (CYP2C9 substrates) and theophylline (a CYP1A2 substrate) in healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole were not significantly altered.

Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. In a crossover clinical study, 66 healthy subjects were administered clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg per day) alone and with pantoprazole (80 mg at the same time as clopidogrel) for 5 days. On Day 5, the mean AUC of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by approximately 14% (geometric mean ratio was 86%, with 90% CI of 79 to 93%) when pantoprazole was coadministered with clopidogrel as compared to clopidogrel administered alone. Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation (induced by 5 μM ADP) was correlated with the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite. The clinical significance of this finding is not clear.

In vivo studies also suggest that pantoprazole does not significantly affect the kinetics of other drugs (cisapride, theophylline, diazepam [and its active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam], phenytoin, warfarin, metoprolol, nifedipine, carbamazepine, midazolam, clarithromycin, naproxen, piroxicam and oral contraceptives [levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol]). Dosage adjustment of such drugs is not necessary when they are co-administered with pantoprazole. In other in vivo studies, digoxin, ethanol, glyburide, antipyrine, caffeine, metronidazole, and amoxicillin had no clinically relevant interactions with pantoprazole.

Based on studies evaluating possible interactions of pantoprazole with other drugs, no dosage adjustment is needed with concomitant use of the following: theophylline, cisapride, antipyrine, caffeine, carbamazepine, diazepam (and its active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam), diclofenac, naproxen, piroxicam, digoxin, ethanol, glyburide, an oral contraceptive (levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol), metoprolol, nifedipine, phenytoin, warfarin, midazolam, clarithromycin, metronidazole, or amoxicillin.

There was also no interaction with concomitantly administered antacids.

There have been postmarketing reports of increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving proton pump inhibitors, including PROTONIX, and warfarin concomitantly [see DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Although no significant drug-drug interactions have been observed in clinical studies, the potential for significant drug-drug interactions with more than once daily dosing with high doses of pantoprazole has not been studied in poor metabolizers or individuals who are hepatically impaired.

In a clinical pharmacology study, pantoprazole 40 mg given orally once daily for 2 weeks had no effect on the levels of the following hormones: cortisol, testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyronine-binding protein, parathyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon, renin, aldosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and growth hormone.

Pharmacogenomics

CYP2C19 displays a known genetic polymorphism due to its deficiency in some subpopulations (e.g., approximately 3% of Caucasians and African-Americans and 17% to 23% of Asians are poor metabolizers). Although these subpopulations of pantoprazole poor metabolizers have elimination half-life values of 3.5 to 10.0 hours in adults, they still have minimal accumulation ( ≤ 23%) with once-daily dosing. For adult patients who are CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, no dosage adjustment is needed.

Similar to adults, pediatric patients who have the poor metabolizer genotype of CYP2C19 (CYP2C19 *2/*2) exhibited greater than a 6-fold increase in AUC compared to pediatric extensive (CYP2C19 *1/*1) and intermediate (CYP2C19 *1/*x) metabolizers. Poor metabolizers exhibited approximately 10-fold lower apparent oral clearance compared to extensive metabolizers.

Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology

Studies in neonatal/juvenile and adult rats and dogs were performed. The data from these studies revealed that animals in both age groups respond to pantoprazole in a similar manner. Gastric alterations, including increased stomach weights, increased incidence of eosinophilic chief cells in adult and neonatal/juvenile rats, and atrophy of chief cells in adult rats and in neonatal/juvenile dogs, were observed in the fundic mucosa of stomachs in repeated-dose studies. Decreases in red cell mass parameters, increases in cholesterol and triglycerides, increased liver weight, enzyme induction, and hepatocellular hypertrophy were also seen in repeated-dose studies in rats and/or dogs. Full to partial recovery of these effects were noted in animals of both age groups following a recovery period.

Reproductive Toxicology Studies

Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at oral doses up to 450 mg/kg/day (88 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and rabbits at oral doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (16 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to pantoprazole.

Clinical Studies

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd) Associated With A History Of Erosive Esophagitis

A multicenter, double-blind, two-period placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the ability of PROTONIX® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection to maintain gastric acid suppression in patients switched from the oral dosage form of pantoprazole to the intravenous dosage form. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients (n=65, 26 to 64 years; 35 female; 9 Black, 11 Hispanic, 44 White, 1 other) with a history of erosive esophagitis were randomized to receive either 20 or 40 mg of oral pantoprazole once per day for 10 days (period 1), and then were switched in period 2 to either daily intravenous pantoprazole or placebo for 7 days, matching their respective dose level from period 1. Patients were administered all test medication with a light meal. Maximum acid output (MAO) and basal acid output (BAO) were determined 24 hours following the last day of oral medication (day 10), the first day (day 1) of intravenous administration and the last day of intravenous administration (day 7). MAO was estimated from a 1 hour continuous collection of gastric contents following subcutaneous injection of 6.0 μg/kg of pentagastrin.

This study demonstrated that, after 10 days of repeated oral administration followed by 7 days of intravenous administration, the oral and intravenous dosage forms of PROTONIX 40 mg are similar in their ability to suppress MAO and BAO in patients with GERD and a history of erosive esophagitis (see Table 3). Also, patients on oral PROTONIX who were switched to intravenous placebo experienced a significant increase in acid output within 48 hours of their last oral dose (see Table 3). However, at 48 hours after their last oral dose, patients treated with

PROTONIX I.V. for Injection had a significantly lower mean basal acid output (see Table 3) than those treated with placebo.

Table 3: ANTISECRETORY EFFECTS (mEq/h) OF 40 mg PROTONIX I.V. for INJECTION AND 40 mg ORAL PROTONIX IN GERD PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF EROSIVE ESOPHAGITIS

To evaluate the effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection as an initial treatment to suppress gastric acid secretion, two studies were conducted.

Study 1 was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, study of the pharmacodynamic effects of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection and oral PROTONIX. Patients with GERD and a history of erosive esophagitis (n=78, 20-67 years; 39 females; 7 Black, 19 Hispanic, 52 White) were randomized to receive either 40 mg intravenous pantoprazole, 40 mg oral pantoprazole, or placebo once daily for 7 days. Following an overnight fast, test medication was administered and patients were given a light meal within 15 minutes. MAO and BAO were determined 24 hours following the last day of study medication. MAO was estimated from a 1 hour continuous collection of gastric contents following subcutaneous injection of 6.0 μg/kg of pentagastrin to stimulate acid secretion. This study demonstrated that, after treatment for 7 days, patients treated with PROTONIX I.V. for Injection had a significantly lower MAO and BAO than those treated with placebo (p < 0.001), and results were comparable to those of patients treated with oral PROTONIX (see Table 4).

Table 4: ANTISECRETORY EFFECTS (mEq/h) OF INITIAL TREATMENT WITH 40 mg PROTONIX I.V. for INJECTION AND 40 mg ORAL PROTONIX IN GERD PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF EROSIVE ESOPHAGITIS

Study 2 was a single-center, double-blind, parallel-group study to compare the clinical effects of PROTONIX I.V. for Injection and oral PROTONIX. Patients (n=45, median age 56 years, 21 males and 24 females) with acute endoscopically proven reflux esophagitis (Savary/Miller Stage II or III) with at least 1 of 3 symptoms typical for reflux esophagitis (acid eructation, heartburn, or pain on swallowing) were randomized to receive either 40 mg intravenous pantoprazole or 40 mg oral pantoprazole daily for 5 days. After the initial 5 days, all patients were treated with 40 mg oral pantoprazole daily to complete a total of 8 weeks of treatment. Symptom relief was assessed by calculating the daily mean of the sums of the average scores for these 3 symptoms and the daily mean of the average score for each of the symptoms separately. There was no significant difference in symptom relief between PROTONIX I.V. and oral PROTONIX therapy within the first 5 days. A repeat endoscopy after 8 weeks of treatment revealed that 20 out of 23 (87%) of the PROTONIX I.V. plus oral PROTONIX patients and 19 out of 22 (86%) of the oral PROTONIX patients had endoscopically proven healing of their esophageal lesions.

Data comparing PROTONIX I.V. for Injection to other proton pump inhibitors (oral or I.V.) or H2 receptor antagonists (oral or I.V.) are limited, and therefore, are inadequate to support any conclusions regarding comparative efficacy.

Pathological Hypersecretion Associated With Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Two studies measured the pharmacodynamic effects of 6 day treatment with PROTONIX I.V. for Injection in patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (with and without multiple endocrine neoplasia type I). In one of these studies, an initial treatment with PROTONIX I.V. for Injection in 21 patients (29 to 75 years; 8 female; 4 Black, 1 Hispanic, 16 White) reduced acid output to the target level ( ≤ 10 mEq/h) and significantly reduced H+ concentration and the volume of gastric secretions; target levels were achieved within 45 minutes of drug administration.

In the other study of 14 patients (38 to 67 years; 5 female; 2 Black, 12 White) with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, treatment was switched from an oral proton pump inhibitor to PROTONIX I.V. for Injection. PROTONIX I.V. for Injection maintained or improved control of gastric acid secretion.

In both studies, PROTONIX I.V. for Injection 160 or 240 mg per day in divided doses maintained basal acid secretion below target levels in all patients. Target levels were 10 mEq/h in patients without prior gastric surgery, and 5 mEq/h in all patients with prior gastric acid-reducing surgery. Once gastric acid secretion was controlled, there was no evidence of tolerance during this 7 day study. Basal acid secretion was maintained below target levels for at least 24 hours in all patients and through the end of treatment in these studies (3 to 7 days) in all but 1 patient who required a dose adjustment guided by acid output measurements until acid control was achieved. In both studies, doses were adjusted to the individual patient need, but gastric acid secretion was controlled in greater than 80% of patients by a starting regimen of 80 mg q12h.

Administration

Administer orally or IV.1 10 Administer once daily for GERD.1 10 Generally given twice daily for pathologic GI hypersecretory conditions, although may be administered IV every 8 hours if necessary.1 10

Oral Administration

Administer delayed-release tablets without regard to meals.1

Antacids may be used concomitantly.1

Swallow tablets whole; do not split, crush, or chew.1 May administer two 20-mg tablets if unable to swallow a 40-mg tablet.1

Do not divide the contents of a packet of delayed-release granules for oral suspension to prepare a dose that is smaller than the full labeled dose (e.g., do not use a 40-mg packet to prepare a 20-mg dose for a child who is unable to swallow the delayed-release tablets).1

Administer delayed-release oral suspension 30 minutes before a meal.1

Mix delayed-release granules for oral suspension with applesauce or apple juice; do not mix with any other foods or liquids (including water).1

Sprinkle the contents of a single-dose packet of pantoprazole sodium delayed-release granules for oral suspension onto 1 teaspoonful of applesauce and administer within 10 minutes of preparation.1 Follow with sips of water, repeated as necessary, to ensure complete delivery of the dose.1

Alternatively, sprinkle the packet contents into 5 mL of apple juice, stir for 5 seconds (granules will not dissolve), and swallow the resulting suspension immediately.1 Rinse the container once or twice with apple juice; swallow the rinsings immediately to ensure complete delivery of the dose.1

Swallow granules in the oral suspension intact; do not crush or chew the granules.1

May administer pantoprazole sodium delayed-release granules for oral suspension via a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube (16 French or larger).1

Remove the plunger from a 60-mL syringe and attach the catheter tip of the syringe to the NG or gastrostomy tube.1 Empty the contents of a single-dose packet of the granules into the syringe barrel while holding the syringe as high as possible to prevent bending of the tubing.1 Add 10 mL of apple juice to the syringe; gently tap or shake the syringe to facilitate emptying.1 Rinse the syringe and tubing with 10 mL of apple juice at least 2 more times (until no granules remain).1

IV Administration

For solution and drug compatibility information, see Compatibility under Stability.

Administer through a dedicated IV line or a Y-site.10

Use of spiked IV system adapters may result in breakage of the glass vial, and currently is not recommended by the manufacturer.14 15 (See Glass Vial Breakage under Cautions.)

Administer as reconstituted solution or following further dilution.10

Reconstitute vial containing 40 mg pantoprazole with 10 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection to provide a solution containing 4 mg/mL.10

GERD: Dilute one vial of reconstituted solution containing pantoprazole 4 mg/mL with 100 mL of 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, or lactated Ringer’s injection to produce a concentration of about 0.4 mg/mL.10

Pathologic hypersecretory conditions: Dilute 2 vials of reconstituted solution containing pantoprazole 4 mg/mL with 80 mL of 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, or lactated Ringer’s injection to produce a concentration of 0.8 mg/mL.10

GERD: Administer 40-mg dose IV as the reconstituted (4 mg/mL) solution over not less than 2 minutes10 or as the 0.4-mg/mL dilution over about 15 minutes (7 mL/minute).10

Pathologic hypersecretory conditions: Administer 80-mg dose IV as the reconstituted (4 mg/mL) solution over not less than 2 minutes10 or as the 0.8-mg/mL dilution over about 15 minutes (7 mL/minute).10

Dosage

Available as pantoprazole sodium; dosage expressed in terms of pantoprazole.1 10

Pediatric Patients

Children ≥5 years of age: 20 mg once daily in those weighing 15 to <40 kg; 40 mg once daily in those weighing ≥40 kg.1 Continue for up to 8 weeks; safety beyond 8 weeks not established.1

Adults

40 mg once daily for 7–10 days.10 Discontinue IV therapy when patient is able to initiate or resume oral therapy; safety and efficacy of IV therapy for >10 days not established.10

40 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks.1 2 If not healed, consider additional 8 weeks of therapy.1 2

40 mg once daily.1 Not studied for >1 year of therapy.1 However, chronic, lifelong therapy with proton-pump inhibitor may be appropriate.12

40 mg twice daily.1 Adjust dosage according to patient response and tolerance; continue therapy as long as necessary.1 May require dosages of up to 240 mg daily.1 Patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been treated for >2 years.1

80 mg every 12 hours.10 80 mg every 8 hours is expected to maintain acid output <10 mEq/hour in patients requiring higher dosage.10 Safety and efficacy of dosages exceeding 240 mg daily or use of IV pantoprazole for >6 days not established.10

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment necessary.1 2 3 4 10 Dosage exceeding 40 mg daily not studied in patients with hepatic impairment.1 10

Poor Metabolizers

Consider reduced dosage in pediatric patients who are poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 substrates.1

No dosage adjustment required in adults who are poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 substrates.1 10 (See Elimination: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.)

Absorption

Bioavailability

Well absorbed from GI tract (absolute bioavailability about 77%).1 Peak plasma concentrations attained about 2.5 hours after single or multiple 40-mg oral doses (as delayed-release tablets).1 Time to peak concentration is similar (2–2.5 hours) for delayed-release suspension administered orally or via NG tube.1

Administration of delayed-release oral suspension (in apple juice) via NG tube is bioequivalent to oral administration of the same formulation (in applesauce or apple juice).1

AUC after single oral 40-mg dose about 39% higher in children 6–11 years of age and about 10% higher in adolescents 12–16 years of age compared with adults.1

Onset

51% mean inhibition of gastric acid secretion within 2.5 hours after a single 40-mg oral dose; 85% after daily administration for 7 days.1

15–30 minutes after single 20- to 120-mg IV infusion.10 About 96% suppression of pentagastrin-stimulated acid output within 2 hours after 80-mg IV infusion.10

Duration

Acid secretion normalized within one week after discontinuance of oral pantoprazole; no apparent rebound hypersecretion.1

24 hours after single IV infusion.10 Median percentage of time gastric pH ≥4 similar after 40 mg IV or orally daily for 5 days.10

Food

Food delays absorption of delayed-release tablets but does not affect extent or peak plasma concentrations.1

High-fat meal delays absorption of granules (sprinkled on applesauce); also decreases peak concentrations and AUC.1

Special Populations

Pharmacokinetics in patients with severe renal impairment similar to healthy individuals.1 10

Peak plasma concentrations and AUCs increased in patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment, but no more than in slow metabolizers.1 10 Minimal accumulation with once-daily dosing.1 10 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)

Distribution

Extent

Mainly extracellular.1 10 Prolonged binding to gastric parietal proton pump enzyme.1 10

Distributed into milk.1 10

Plasma Protein Binding

98%, principally albumin.1 10

Elimination

Metabolism

Metabolized in the liver, principally by CYP2C19, and to a lesser extent by CYP3A4.1 10 Metabolites appear to be inactive.1 10

Elimination Route

Excreted in urine (about 71%) and feces (18%); no unchanged drug excreted in urine.1 10

Half-life

1 hour.1 10

Special Populations

Hepatic impairment increased plasma half-life to 7–9 hours, but no more than in slow metabolizers, and minimal accumulation occurs.1 10

In adults with poor CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotype, metabolism is slower than in those with extensive (or rapid) metabolizer phenotype; elimination half-life is 3.5–10 hours, but minimal accumulation occurs with once-daily dosing.1 10

In pediatric patients, oral clearance in poor metabolizers (CYP2C19 *2/*2 genotype) is about tenfold lower than in extensive metabolizers (CYP2C19 *1/*1) and AUC is more than sixfold higher than in extensive or intermediate (CYP2C19 *1/*x) metabolizers.1 10

Not removed by hemodialysis.1 10