Aloe vera topical
Name: Aloe vera topical
- Aloe vera topical missed dose
- Aloe vera topical uses
- Aloe vera topical drug
- Aloe vera topical effects of
- Aloe vera topical adverse effects
- Aloe vera topical injection
Overdose
If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.
Notes
No monograph available at this time.Missed Dose
Consult your pharmacist.
Storage
Consult your pharmacist.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.
Information last revised July 2016. Copyright(c) 2016 First Databank, Inc.
Interactions
Potential interactions between ingested aloe resin and the following medications have been identified: digoxin, furosemide, thiazide diuretics, sevoflurane stimulant laxatives, and antidiabetic agents.
Bibliography
1. Nakamura T, Kotajima S. Contact dermatitis from Aloe arborescens . Contact Dermatitis . 1984;11(1):51.
2. Grindlay D, Reynolds T. The aloe vera phenomenon: a review of the properties and modern uses of the leaf parenchyma gel. J Ethnopharmacol . 1986;16(2-3):117-151.
3. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics . New York, NY: J Wiley and Sons; 1980.
4. Henry R. An updated review of aloe vera. Cosmetics and Toiletries . 1979;94:42.
5. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Herbs at a Glance: Aloe Vera. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/aloevera/ Updated June 2010. Accessed September 14, 2010.
6. Row TD, Lovell BK, Parks L. Further observations on the use of aloe vera leaf in the treatment of third degree x-ray reactions. J Am Pharm Assn . 1941;30:266.
7. Strickland FM, Pelley RP, Kripke ML. Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extract. J Invest Dermatol . 1994;102(2):197-204.
8. Byeon SW, Pelley RP, Ullrich SE, Waller TA, Bucana CD, Strickland FM. Aloe barbadensis extracts reduce the production of interleukin-10 after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. J Invest Dermatol . 1998;110(5):811-817.
9. Golomb C, Bartholett S, Green A. Effects of Aloe barbadensis gel on ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression of contact hypersensitivity in humans. J Invest Dermatol . 1997;108(4):633.
10. Visuthikosol V, Chowchuen B, Sukwanarat Y, Sriurairatana S, Boonpucknavig V. Effect of aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound: a clinical and histologic study. J Med Assoc Thai . 1995;78(8):403-409.
11. Richardson J, Smith JE, McIntyre M, Thomas R, Pilkington K. Aloe vera for preventing radiation-induced skin reactions: a systematic literature review. Clin Oncol ( R Coll Radiol ). 2005;17(6):478-484.
12. Maenthaisong R, Chaiyakunapruk N, Niruntraporn S, Kongkaew C. The efficacy of aloe vera used for burn wound healing: a systematic review. Burns . 2007;33(6):713-718.
13. Ship AG. Is topical aloe vera plant mucus helpful in burn treatment? JAMA . 1977;238:1770.
14. Dal'Belo SE, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PM. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Res Technol . 2006;12(4):241-246.
15. Gallagher J, Gray M. Is aloe vera effective for healing chronic wounds? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs . 2003;30(2):68-71.
16. Miller MB, Koltai PJ. Treatment of experimental frostbite with pentoxifylline and aloe vera cream. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1995;121(6):678-680.
17. Fulton JE Jr. The stimulation of postdermabrasion wound healing with stabilized aloe vera gel-polyethylene oxide dressing. J Dermatol Surg Oncol . 1990;16(6):460-467.
18. McCauley RL, Heggers JP, Robson MC. Frostbite. Methods to minimize tissue loss. Postgrad Med . 1990;88(8):67-68, 73-77.
19. Reamy BV. Frostbite: review and current concepts. J Am Board Fam Pract . 1998;11(1):34-40.
20. Murphy JV, Banwell PE, Roberts AH, McGrouther DA. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. J Trauma . 2000;48(1):171-178.
21. Moore ZE, Cowman S. Wound cleansing for pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2005;(4):CD004983.
22. Vermeulen H, Ubbink DT, Goossens A, de Vos R, Legemate D. Dressings and topical agents for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2004;(2):CD003554.
23. Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS. Aloe vera dermal wound gel is associated with a delay in wound healing. Obstet Gynecol . 1991;78(1):115-117.
24. Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Afzal M. Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health . 1996;1(4):505-509.
25. Smith N, Weymann A, Tausk FA, Gelfand FM. Complementary and alternative medicine for psoriasis: a qualitative review of the clinical trial literature. J Am Acad Dermatol . 2009;61(5):841-856.
26. Vardy DA, Cohen AD, Tchetov T, Medvedovsky E, Biton A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an Aloe ver a ( A. barbadensis ) emulsion in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat . 1999;10(1):7-11.
27. Misawa E, Tanaka M, Nomaguchi K, et al. Administration of phytosterols isolated from Aloe vera get reduce visceral fat mass and improve hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Obes Res Clin Pract . 2008;2(4):239-245.
28. Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care . 2003;26(4):1277-1294.
29. Yagi A, Harada N, Shimomura K, Nishioka I. Bradykinin-degrading glycoprotein in Aloe arborescens var. natalensis . Planta Med . 1987;53(1):19-21.
30. Rishi P, Rampuria A, Tewari R, Koul A. Phytomodulatory potentials of Aloe vera against Salmonella OmpR-mediated inflammation. Phytother Res . 2008;22(8):1075-1082.
31. Davis RH, Parker WL, Samson RT, Murdoch DP. Isolation of a stimulatory system in an Aloe extract. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc . 1991;81(9):473-478.
32. t'Hart LA, van den Berg AJ, Kuis L, van Dijk H, Labadia RP. An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity from the leaf parenchyma gel of Aloe vera . Planta Med . 1989;55(6):509-512.
33. t'Hart LA, Nibbering PH, van den Barselaar MT, van Dijk H, van den Berg AJ, Labadie RP. Effects of low molecular constituents from Aloe vera gel on oxidative metabolism and cytotoxic and bactericidal activities of human neutrophils. Int J Immunopharmacol . 1990;12(4):427-434.
34. Ro JY, Lee BC, Kim JY, et al. Inhibitory mechanism of aloe single component (alprogen) on mediator release in guinea pig lung mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 2000;292(1):114-121.
35. Pecere T, Gazzola MV, Mucignat C, et al. Aloe-emodin is a new type of anticancer agent with selective activity against neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res . 2000;60(11):2800-2804.
36. Kupchan SM, Karim A. Tumor inhibitors. 114. Aloe emodin: antileukemic principle isolated from Rhamnus frangula L. Lloydia . 1976;39(4):223-224.
37. Wasserman L, Avigad S, Beery E, Nordenberg J, Fenig E. The effect of aloe emodin on the proliferation of a new merkel carcinoma cell line. Am J Dermatopathol . 2002;24(1):17-22.
38. Fischer JM. Medical use of aloe products. US Pharmacist . 1982;7:37.
39. Thor G, Terryberry J. Complementary and alternative medicines in oncology: new directions for pharmaceutical companies. D MD Newsl . 2001;12(4):99-106.
40. Gottshall RY, Lucas EH, Lickfeldt A, Roberts JM. The occurrence of antibacterial substances active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in seed plants. J Clin Invest . 1949;28(5 pt 1):920-923.
41. Lorenzetti LJ, Salisbury R, Beal JL, Baldwin JN. Bacteriostatic property of aloe vera. J Pharm Sci . 1964;53:1287.
42. Dutta A, Mandal G, Mandal C, Chatterjee M. In vitro antileishmanial activity of Aloe vera leaf exudate: a potential herbal therapy in leishmaniasis. Glycoconj J . 2007;24(1):81-86.
43. Ferro VA, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Shakir E, Rahman SR, Stimson WH. In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexeri and Streptococus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbabdensis Miller. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2003;47(3):1137-1139.
44. Rosca-Casian O, Parvu M, Vlase L, Tamas M. Antifungal activity of Aloe vera leaves. Fitoterapia . 2007;78(3):219-222.
45. Rodríguez-Bigas M, Cruz NI, Suárez A. Comparative evaluation of aloe vera in the management of burn wounds in guinea pigs. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1988;81(3):386-389.
46. Langmead L, Makins RJ, Rampton DS. Anti-inflammatory effects of aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19(5):521-527.
47. Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19(7):739-747.
48. Blitz JJ, Smith JW, Gerard JR. Aloe vera gel in peptic ulcer therapy: preliminary report. J Am Osteopath Assoc . 1963;62:731-735.
49. Maze G, Terpolilli RN, Lee M. Aloe vera extract prevents aspirin-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. Med Sci Res . 1997;25:765-766.
50. Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2007;(4):CD000978.
51. Chandan BK, Saxena AK, Shukla S, et al. Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe babadensis Mill. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol . 2007;111(3):560-566.
52. Fan YJ, Li M, Yang WL, Qin L, Zou J. Protective effect of extracts from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. on experimental hepatic lesions and a primary clinical study on the injection of in patients with hepatitis [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi . 1989;14(12):746-748.
53. Davis RH, Kabbani JM, Maro NP. Aloe vera and wound healing. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc . 1987;77(4):165-169.
54. Sakai T, Repko BM, Griffith BP, Waters JH, Kameneva MV. I.V. infusion of a drag-reducing polymer extracted from aloe vera prolonged survival time in a rat model of acute myocardial ischaemia. Br J Anaesth . 2007;98(1):23-28.
55. Syed TA, Afzal M, Ashfaq Ahmad S, Holt AH, Ali Ahmad S, Ahmad SH. Management of genital herpes in men with 0.5% Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Dermatolog Treat . 1997;8(2):99-102.
56. Garnick JJ, Singh B, Winkley G. Effectiveness of a medicament containing silicon dioxide, aloe, and allantoin on aphthous stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod . 1998;86(5):550-556.
57. Fahim MS, Wang M. Zinc acetate and lyophilized aloe barbadensis as vaginal contraceptive. Contraception . 1996;53(4):231-236.
58. Gathercoal EN. Pharmacognosy . Claus EP, ed. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1956.
59. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD, eds. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals . London, England: Pharmaceutical Press; 1996.
60. Lee A, Chui PT, Aun CS, Gin T, Lau AS. Possible interaction between sevoflurane and Aloe vera. Ann Pharmacother . 2004;38(10):1651-1654.
61. Tovar RT, Petzel RM. Herbal toxicity. Dis Mon . 2009;55(10):592-641.
62. Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Br J Dermatol . 2000;143(5):923-929.
63. Hunter D, Frumkin A. Adverse reactions to vitamin E and aloe vera preparations after dermabrasion and chemical peel. Cutis . 1991;47(3):193-196.
64. Domínguez-Soto L. Photodermatitis to aloe vera. Int J Dermatol . 1992;31(5):372.
65. Gale AE. Hypoallergenic products. Med J Aust . 1996;165(1):62.
66. Pribitkin EE, Boger G. Herbal therapy: what every facial plastic surgeon must know. Arch Facial Plast Surg . 2001;3(2):127-132.
67. Rabe C, Musch A, Schirmacher P, Kruis W, Hoffmann R. Acute hepatitis induced by an Aloe vera preparation: a case report. World J Gastroenterol . 2005;11(2):303-304.
68. Nusko G, Schneider B, Schneider I, Wittekind C, Hahn EG. Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. Gut . 2000;46(5):651-655.
69. Schiller LR. Review article: the therapy of constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2001;15(6):749-763.
70. Briggs C. Herbal medicine: aloe. CPJ . 1995;128:48-50.
71. Spoerke DG, Ekins BR. Aloe vera–fact or quackery. Vet Hum Toxicol . 1980;22(6):418-424.
72. Hadley SK, Petry JJ. Medicinal herbs: a primer for primary care. Hosp Pract . 1999;30(6).
2. Grindlay D, Reynolds T. The aloe vera phenomenon: a review of the properties and modern uses of the leaf parenchyma gel. J Ethnopharmacol . 1986;16(2-3):117-151.
3. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics . New York, NY: J Wiley and Sons; 1980.
4. Henry R. An updated review of aloe vera. Cosmetics and Toiletries . 1979;94:42.
5. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Herbs at a Glance: Aloe Vera. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/aloevera/ Updated June 2010. Accessed September 14, 2010.
6. Row TD, Lovell BK, Parks L. Further observations on the use of aloe vera leaf in the treatment of third degree x-ray reactions. J Am Pharm Assn . 1941;30:266.
7. Strickland FM, Pelley RP, Kripke ML. Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extract. J Invest Dermatol . 1994;102(2):197-204.
8. Byeon SW, Pelley RP, Ullrich SE, Waller TA, Bucana CD, Strickland FM. Aloe barbadensis extracts reduce the production of interleukin-10 after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. J Invest Dermatol . 1998;110(5):811-817.
9. Golomb C, Bartholett S, Green A. Effects of Aloe barbadensis gel on ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression of contact hypersensitivity in humans. J Invest Dermatol . 1997;108(4):633.
10. Visuthikosol V, Chowchuen B, Sukwanarat Y, Sriurairatana S, Boonpucknavig V. Effect of aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound: a clinical and histologic study. J Med Assoc Thai . 1995;78(8):403-409.
11. Richardson J, Smith JE, McIntyre M, Thomas R, Pilkington K. Aloe vera for preventing radiation-induced skin reactions: a systematic literature review. Clin Oncol ( R Coll Radiol ). 2005;17(6):478-484.
12. Maenthaisong R, Chaiyakunapruk N, Niruntraporn S, Kongkaew C. The efficacy of aloe vera used for burn wound healing: a systematic review. Burns . 2007;33(6):713-718.
13. Ship AG. Is topical aloe vera plant mucus helpful in burn treatment? JAMA . 1977;238:1770.
14. Dal'Belo SE, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PM. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Res Technol . 2006;12(4):241-246.
15. Gallagher J, Gray M. Is aloe vera effective for healing chronic wounds? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs . 2003;30(2):68-71.
16. Miller MB, Koltai PJ. Treatment of experimental frostbite with pentoxifylline and aloe vera cream. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1995;121(6):678-680.
17. Fulton JE Jr. The stimulation of postdermabrasion wound healing with stabilized aloe vera gel-polyethylene oxide dressing. J Dermatol Surg Oncol . 1990;16(6):460-467.
18. McCauley RL, Heggers JP, Robson MC. Frostbite. Methods to minimize tissue loss. Postgrad Med . 1990;88(8):67-68, 73-77.
19. Reamy BV. Frostbite: review and current concepts. J Am Board Fam Pract . 1998;11(1):34-40.
20. Murphy JV, Banwell PE, Roberts AH, McGrouther DA. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. J Trauma . 2000;48(1):171-178.
21. Moore ZE, Cowman S. Wound cleansing for pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2005;(4):CD004983.
22. Vermeulen H, Ubbink DT, Goossens A, de Vos R, Legemate D. Dressings and topical agents for surgical wounds healing by secondary intention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2004;(2):CD003554.
23. Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS. Aloe vera dermal wound gel is associated with a delay in wound healing. Obstet Gynecol . 1991;78(1):115-117.
24. Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Afzal M. Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health . 1996;1(4):505-509.
25. Smith N, Weymann A, Tausk FA, Gelfand FM. Complementary and alternative medicine for psoriasis: a qualitative review of the clinical trial literature. J Am Acad Dermatol . 2009;61(5):841-856.
26. Vardy DA, Cohen AD, Tchetov T, Medvedovsky E, Biton A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an Aloe ver a ( A. barbadensis ) emulsion in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat . 1999;10(1):7-11.
27. Misawa E, Tanaka M, Nomaguchi K, et al. Administration of phytosterols isolated from Aloe vera get reduce visceral fat mass and improve hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Obes Res Clin Pract . 2008;2(4):239-245.
28. Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care . 2003;26(4):1277-1294.
29. Yagi A, Harada N, Shimomura K, Nishioka I. Bradykinin-degrading glycoprotein in Aloe arborescens var. natalensis . Planta Med . 1987;53(1):19-21.
30. Rishi P, Rampuria A, Tewari R, Koul A. Phytomodulatory potentials of Aloe vera against Salmonella OmpR-mediated inflammation. Phytother Res . 2008;22(8):1075-1082.
31. Davis RH, Parker WL, Samson RT, Murdoch DP. Isolation of a stimulatory system in an Aloe extract. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc . 1991;81(9):473-478.
32. t'Hart LA, van den Berg AJ, Kuis L, van Dijk H, Labadia RP. An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity from the leaf parenchyma gel of Aloe vera . Planta Med . 1989;55(6):509-512.
33. t'Hart LA, Nibbering PH, van den Barselaar MT, van Dijk H, van den Berg AJ, Labadie RP. Effects of low molecular constituents from Aloe vera gel on oxidative metabolism and cytotoxic and bactericidal activities of human neutrophils. Int J Immunopharmacol . 1990;12(4):427-434.
34. Ro JY, Lee BC, Kim JY, et al. Inhibitory mechanism of aloe single component (alprogen) on mediator release in guinea pig lung mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 2000;292(1):114-121.
35. Pecere T, Gazzola MV, Mucignat C, et al. Aloe-emodin is a new type of anticancer agent with selective activity against neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res . 2000;60(11):2800-2804.
36. Kupchan SM, Karim A. Tumor inhibitors. 114. Aloe emodin: antileukemic principle isolated from Rhamnus frangula L. Lloydia . 1976;39(4):223-224.
37. Wasserman L, Avigad S, Beery E, Nordenberg J, Fenig E. The effect of aloe emodin on the proliferation of a new merkel carcinoma cell line. Am J Dermatopathol . 2002;24(1):17-22.
38. Fischer JM. Medical use of aloe products. US Pharmacist . 1982;7:37.
39. Thor G, Terryberry J. Complementary and alternative medicines in oncology: new directions for pharmaceutical companies. D MD Newsl . 2001;12(4):99-106.
40. Gottshall RY, Lucas EH, Lickfeldt A, Roberts JM. The occurrence of antibacterial substances active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in seed plants. J Clin Invest . 1949;28(5 pt 1):920-923.
41. Lorenzetti LJ, Salisbury R, Beal JL, Baldwin JN. Bacteriostatic property of aloe vera. J Pharm Sci . 1964;53:1287.
42. Dutta A, Mandal G, Mandal C, Chatterjee M. In vitro antileishmanial activity of Aloe vera leaf exudate: a potential herbal therapy in leishmaniasis. Glycoconj J . 2007;24(1):81-86.
43. Ferro VA, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Shakir E, Rahman SR, Stimson WH. In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexeri and Streptococus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbabdensis Miller. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2003;47(3):1137-1139.
44. Rosca-Casian O, Parvu M, Vlase L, Tamas M. Antifungal activity of Aloe vera leaves. Fitoterapia . 2007;78(3):219-222.
45. Rodríguez-Bigas M, Cruz NI, Suárez A. Comparative evaluation of aloe vera in the management of burn wounds in guinea pigs. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1988;81(3):386-389.
46. Langmead L, Makins RJ, Rampton DS. Anti-inflammatory effects of aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19(5):521-527.
47. Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2004;19(7):739-747.
48. Blitz JJ, Smith JW, Gerard JR. Aloe vera gel in peptic ulcer therapy: preliminary report. J Am Osteopath Assoc . 1963;62:731-735.
49. Maze G, Terpolilli RN, Lee M. Aloe vera extract prevents aspirin-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. Med Sci Res . 1997;25:765-766.
50. Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2007;(4):CD000978.
51. Chandan BK, Saxena AK, Shukla S, et al. Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe babadensis Mill. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol . 2007;111(3):560-566.
52. Fan YJ, Li M, Yang WL, Qin L, Zou J. Protective effect of extracts from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. on experimental hepatic lesions and a primary clinical study on the injection of in patients with hepatitis [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi . 1989;14(12):746-748.
53. Davis RH, Kabbani JM, Maro NP. Aloe vera and wound healing. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc . 1987;77(4):165-169.
54. Sakai T, Repko BM, Griffith BP, Waters JH, Kameneva MV. I.V. infusion of a drag-reducing polymer extracted from aloe vera prolonged survival time in a rat model of acute myocardial ischaemia. Br J Anaesth . 2007;98(1):23-28.
55. Syed TA, Afzal M, Ashfaq Ahmad S, Holt AH, Ali Ahmad S, Ahmad SH. Management of genital herpes in men with 0.5% Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Dermatolog Treat . 1997;8(2):99-102.
56. Garnick JJ, Singh B, Winkley G. Effectiveness of a medicament containing silicon dioxide, aloe, and allantoin on aphthous stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod . 1998;86(5):550-556.
57. Fahim MS, Wang M. Zinc acetate and lyophilized aloe barbadensis as vaginal contraceptive. Contraception . 1996;53(4):231-236.
58. Gathercoal EN. Pharmacognosy . Claus EP, ed. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1956.
59. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD, eds. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals . London, England: Pharmaceutical Press; 1996.
60. Lee A, Chui PT, Aun CS, Gin T, Lau AS. Possible interaction between sevoflurane and Aloe vera. Ann Pharmacother . 2004;38(10):1651-1654.
61. Tovar RT, Petzel RM. Herbal toxicity. Dis Mon . 2009;55(10):592-641.
62. Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Br J Dermatol . 2000;143(5):923-929.
63. Hunter D, Frumkin A. Adverse reactions to vitamin E and aloe vera preparations after dermabrasion and chemical peel. Cutis . 1991;47(3):193-196.
64. Domínguez-Soto L. Photodermatitis to aloe vera. Int J Dermatol . 1992;31(5):372.
65. Gale AE. Hypoallergenic products. Med J Aust . 1996;165(1):62.
66. Pribitkin EE, Boger G. Herbal therapy: what every facial plastic surgeon must know. Arch Facial Plast Surg . 2001;3(2):127-132.
67. Rabe C, Musch A, Schirmacher P, Kruis W, Hoffmann R. Acute hepatitis induced by an Aloe vera preparation: a case report. World J Gastroenterol . 2005;11(2):303-304.
68. Nusko G, Schneider B, Schneider I, Wittekind C, Hahn EG. Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. Gut . 2000;46(5):651-655.
69. Schiller LR. Review article: the therapy of constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2001;15(6):749-763.
70. Briggs C. Herbal medicine: aloe. CPJ . 1995;128:48-50.
71. Spoerke DG, Ekins BR. Aloe vera–fact or quackery. Vet Hum Toxicol . 1980;22(6):418-424.
72. Hadley SK, Petry JJ. Medicinal herbs: a primer for primary care. Hosp Pract . 1999;30(6).
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